Security Best Practices

This guide covers essential security considerations when building MPC applications with the Stoffel Solidity SDK.

Overview

MPC applications have unique security requirements beyond typical smart contracts. The security of the entire system depends on:

Access control - Who can trigger state transitions
Input integrity - Ensuring inputs are properly masked and validated
Round sequencing - Maintaining correct state machine flow
Threshold configuration - Proper n/t settings for Byzantine fault tolerance

Access Control

Why `onlyDesignatedParty` Matters

The designated party role controls the MPC lifecycle. Unauthorized access could:

Skip preprocessing, causing computation failures
Prematurely end input collection, excluding legitimate clients
Trigger computation with insufficient inputs
Publish invalid outputs

// ALWAYS protect lifecycle methods
function startPreprocessing() external override onlyDesignatedParty atRound(Round.PreprocessingRound) {
    // ...
}

Never remove the onlyDesignatedParty modifier from lifecycle methods. This is the primary defense against unauthorized state manipulation.

Party Role Management

// Safe party addition
function addParty(address party) external onlyDesignatedParty {
    require(getPartyCount() < nParties, "Max parties reached");
    _grantRole(PARTY_ROLE, party);
}

// Safe party removal - maintains threshold
function removeParty(address party) external onlyDesignatedParty {
    require(getPartyCount() > threshold + 1, "Would violate threshold");
    _revokeRole(PARTY_ROLE, party);
}

Designated Party Security

Risk	Mitigation
Private key compromise	Use hardware wallet or multi-sig
Single point of failure	Consider time-locked transfers
Malicious designated party	Implement governance controls

// Consider using a timelock for designated party transfer
function initiateDesignatedPartyTransfer(address newParty) external onlyDesignatedParty {
    pendingDesignatedParty = newParty;
    transferUnlocksAt = block.timestamp + 2 days;
}

function completeDesignatedPartyTransfer() external {
    require(block.timestamp >= transferUnlocksAt, "Timelock active");
    _transferDesignatedParty(pendingDesignatedParty);
}

Threshold Configuration

The n >= 3t + 1 Rule

HoneyBadger MPC requires n >= 3t + 1 for Byzantine fault tolerance:

n (parties)	t (threshold)	Tolerates	Valid?
4	1	1 faulty	Yes (4 >= 4)
5	1	1 faulty	Yes (5 >= 4)
7	2	2 faulty	Yes (7 >= 7)
10	3	3 faulty	Yes (10 >= 10)
5	2	-	No (5 < 7)

constructor(uint256 n, uint256 t, ...) {
    require(n >= 3 * t + 1, "Invalid threshold configuration");
    // ...
}

A threshold of t means the system tolerates up to t malicious or faulty parties. Higher thresholds require more parties but provide stronger security guarantees.

Production Recommendations

Environment	Recommended Config	Reasoning
Development	n=4, t=1	Minimum viable for testing
Staging	n=5, t=1	Allows for node failures
Production	n=7+, t=2+	Higher fault tolerance

Input Handling

Why Input Masking is Required

Raw inputs on-chain would be visible to everyone. Masking ensures privacy:

Client's secret: 42
Random mask:     17
On-chain value:  59  ← Reveals nothing about 42

// NEVER accept raw inputs
function submitInput(uint256 rawInput) external {  // DANGEROUS!
    // Raw input visible on-chain to everyone
}

// ALWAYS require masked inputs
function submitMaskedInput(uint256 maskedInput, uint256 reservedIndex) external {
    require(reservedInputIndices[reservedIndex] == msg.sender, "Invalid reservation");
    // maskedInput reveals nothing without the mask
}

Input Count Validation

Always validate sufficient inputs before computation:

function initiateMPCComputation() external override onlyDesignatedParty atRound(Round.ClientInputsCollectionEndRound) {
    // Validate minimum inputs
    require(currentInputCount >= minimumRequiredInputs, "Insufficient inputs");

    // Optional: Validate maximum to prevent DoS
    require(currentInputCount <= maxInputs, "Too many inputs");

    _nextRound();
}

Replay Attack Prevention

Each input mask can only be used once:

function submitMaskedInput(uint256 maskedInput, uint256 reservedIndex) external {
    // Check ownership
    require(reservedInputIndices[reservedIndex] == msg.sender, "Not your index");

    // Store input
    clientInputs[msg.sender] = MaskedInput({
        index: reservedIndex,
        maskedInput: maskedInput
    });

    // CRITICAL: Invalidate the index to prevent reuse
    reservedInputIndices[reservedIndex] = address(0);
}

Failing to invalidate used indices allows mask reuse attacks, which can leak information about client inputs.

Round State Machine

Why Rounds Must Be Sequential

The round state machine ensures:

Preprocessing completes before inputs are collected
All inputs are gathered before computation
Computation finishes before outputs are published

PreprocessingRound → ClientInputMaskReservationRound → CollectingClientInputRound
        ↓                                                        ↓
ClientInputsCollectionEndRound → MPCTaskExecutionRound → MPCTaskExecutionEndRound
                                                                 ↓
                                               ClientOutputCollectionRound

The `atRound` Modifier

Always use atRound to enforce correct sequencing:

modifier atRound(Round expectedRound) {
    require(currentRound == expectedRound, "Invalid round");
    _;
}

// Correct: enforces round ordering
function startPreprocessing() external override onlyDesignatedParty atRound(Round.PreprocessingRound) {
    _nextRound();
}

// DANGEROUS: allows skipping rounds
function startPreprocessing() external override onlyDesignatedParty {  // Missing atRound!
    _nextRound();
}

Common Round Pitfalls

Pitfall	Consequence	Prevention
Skipping rounds	Missing preprocessing data	Always use `atRound` modifier
Re-entering rounds	State corruption	Use `_nextRound()` only once per function
Stuck in round	Computation blocked	Implement timeout mechanisms

Timeout Handling

For production systems, implement timeouts to handle stuck states:

uint256 public roundStartTime;
uint256 public constant ROUND_TIMEOUT = 1 hours;

modifier timedRound() {
    require(block.timestamp <= roundStartTime + ROUND_TIMEOUT, "Round timed out");
    _;
}

function _nextRound() internal {
    currentRound = Round(uint(currentRound) + 1);
    roundStartTime = block.timestamp;  // Reset timeout
}

// Emergency function if round times out
function cancelComputation() external onlyDesignatedParty {
    require(block.timestamp > roundStartTime + ROUND_TIMEOUT, "Not timed out");
    // Reset or refund logic
}

Common Vulnerabilities

1. Insufficient Input Validation

// VULNERABLE: No validation of input bounds
function submitMaskedInput(uint256 maskedInput, uint256 index) external {
    clientInputs[msg.sender] = MaskedInput(index, maskedInput);
}

// SECURE: Validates index bounds and ownership
function submitMaskedInput(uint256 maskedInput, uint256 index) external {
    require(index < nTotalIndices, "Index out of bounds");
    require(reservedInputIndices[index] == msg.sender, "Not your index");

    clientInputs[msg.sender] = MaskedInput(index, maskedInput);
    reservedInputIndices[index] = address(0);
}

2. Missing Round Checks

// VULNERABLE: Can be called at any time
function submitMaskedInput(uint256 maskedInput, uint256 index) external {
    // ...
}

// SECURE: Enforces correct round
function submitMaskedInput(uint256 maskedInput, uint256 index)
    external
    atRound(Round.CollectingClientInputRound)
{
    // ...
}

3. Incorrect Threshold Configuration

// VULNERABLE: Allows invalid configurations
constructor(uint256 n, uint256 t, ...) {
    nParties = n;
    threshold = t;  // No validation!
}

// SECURE: Validates before setting
constructor(uint256 n, uint256 t, ...) {
    require(n >= 3 * t + 1, "Invalid: n must be >= 3t + 1");
    require(n >= 4, "Minimum 4 parties required");
    require(t >= 1, "Threshold must be at least 1");

    nParties = n;
    threshold = t;
}

4. Reentrancy in Input Submission

// VULNERABLE: State updated after external call
function submitMaskedInput(uint256 maskedInput, uint256 index) external {
    // External call before state update
    _notifySubmission(msg.sender);  // Could reenter!

    reservedInputIndices[index] = address(0);
}

// SECURE: Checks-Effects-Interactions pattern
function submitMaskedInput(uint256 maskedInput, uint256 index) external {
    // Checks
    require(reservedInputIndices[index] == msg.sender, "Not your index");

    // Effects (state changes first)
    reservedInputIndices[index] = address(0);
    clientInputs[msg.sender] = MaskedInput(index, maskedInput);

    // Interactions (external calls last)
    _notifySubmission(msg.sender);
}

5. Missing Events for Critical Actions

// VULNERABLE: No audit trail
function addParty(address party) external onlyDesignatedParty {
    _grantRole(PARTY_ROLE, party);
}

// SECURE: Emits events for monitoring
event PartyAdded(address indexed party, address indexed addedBy, uint256 timestamp);

function addParty(address party) external onlyDesignatedParty {
    _grantRole(PARTY_ROLE, party);
    emit PartyAdded(party, msg.sender, block.timestamp);
}

Security Checklist

Before deploying your MPC contract, verify:

Access Control

All lifecycle methods have onlyDesignatedParty modifier
Party management functions validate threshold constraints
Designated party key is secured (hardware wallet/multi-sig)

Input Handling

Input masks are initialized in preprocessing
Index reservations are validated before submission
Used indices are invalidated after submission
Minimum input count is enforced before computation

Round Management

All state-changing functions use atRound modifier
_nextRound() is called exactly once per lifecycle method
Timeout mechanisms exist for stuck states

General

Threshold configuration satisfies n >= 3t + 1
Critical events are emitted for monitoring
Checks-Effects-Interactions pattern is followed
Contract has been tested with edge cases

Next Steps

Template Guide - Step-by-step implementation
StoffelCoordinator - Full API reference
Access Control - Role management details
Input Manager - Input handling details

Rust SDK

Python SDK

Solidity SDK

Overview

Access Control

Why `onlyDesignatedParty` Matters

Party Role Management

Designated Party Security

Threshold Configuration

The n >= 3t + 1 Rule

Production Recommendations

Input Handling

Why Input Masking is Required

Input Count Validation

Replay Attack Prevention

Round State Machine

Why Rounds Must Be Sequential

The `atRound` Modifier

Common Round Pitfalls

Timeout Handling

Common Vulnerabilities

1. Insufficient Input Validation

2. Missing Round Checks

3. Incorrect Threshold Configuration

4. Reentrancy in Input Submission

5. Missing Events for Critical Actions

Security Checklist

Access Control

Input Handling

Round Management

General

Next Steps

​Overview

​Access Control

​Why onlyDesignatedParty Matters

​Party Role Management

​Designated Party Security

​Threshold Configuration

​The n >= 3t + 1 Rule

​Production Recommendations

​Input Handling

​Why Input Masking is Required

​Input Count Validation

​Replay Attack Prevention

​Round State Machine

​Why Rounds Must Be Sequential

​The atRound Modifier

​Common Round Pitfalls

​Timeout Handling

​Common Vulnerabilities

​1. Insufficient Input Validation

​2. Missing Round Checks

​3. Incorrect Threshold Configuration

​4. Reentrancy in Input Submission

​5. Missing Events for Critical Actions

​Security Checklist

​Access Control

​Input Handling

​Round Management

​General

​Next Steps

Overview

Access Control

Why `onlyDesignatedParty` Matters

Party Role Management

Designated Party Security

Threshold Configuration

The n >= 3t + 1 Rule

Production Recommendations

Input Handling

Why Input Masking is Required

Input Count Validation

Replay Attack Prevention

Round State Machine

Why Rounds Must Be Sequential

The `atRound` Modifier

Common Round Pitfalls

Timeout Handling

Common Vulnerabilities

1. Insufficient Input Validation

2. Missing Round Checks

3. Incorrect Threshold Configuration

4. Reentrancy in Input Submission

5. Missing Events for Critical Actions

Security Checklist

Access Control

Input Handling

Round Management

General

Next Steps